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C++ Pointer Quiz

C++
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Master the fundamentals of C++ pointers including declaration, dereferencing, null pointers, pointer arithmetic, and advanced concepts like pointers to arrays and pointers to pointers.

40 Questions
~80 minutes
1

Question 1

When declaring a pointer variable that will store the memory address of an integer, what is the correct syntax that establishes the proper type relationship between the pointer and the data it will reference?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int value = 42;
    int* ptr = &value;  // Pointer declaration with *
    
    std::cout << "Value: " << *ptr << std::endl;  // Dereference with *
    std::cout << "Address: " << ptr << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
int* ptr declares a pointer to int, where * indicates pointer type and & gets address, requiring * for dereferencing to access the stored value
B
int ptr* is the correct syntax for pointer declaration
C
*int ptr declares a pointer by placing the asterisk before the type
D
Pointers don't need special syntax and can be declared like regular variables
2

Question 2

What happens when you dereference a pointer that contains an invalid memory address, and why is this operation fundamentally unsafe?

A
Dereferencing invalid pointers causes undefined behavior, potentially leading to crashes, data corruption, or security vulnerabilities because the program attempts to access memory it doesn't own
B
The program automatically allocates new memory when dereferencing invalid pointers
C
Invalid pointer dereference throws a standard exception that can be caught
D
The operating system prevents invalid memory access through automatic bounds checking
3

Question 3

In a program that needs to track whether a pointer has been initialized to point to valid memory, what value should be explicitly assigned to represent the absence of a valid memory address?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int* ptr = nullptr;  // Explicit null pointer
    
    if(ptr == nullptr) {
        std::cout << "Pointer is null" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << "Pointer value: " << *ptr << std::endl;
    }
    
    return 0;
}
A
nullptr represents the null pointer value, providing a safe way to indicate uninitialized or invalid pointer state that can be checked before dereferencing
B
NULL macro from C headers should be used for null pointer representation
C
Zero (0) is the correct null pointer value in all contexts
D
Uninitialized pointers automatically become null
4

Question 4

When performing pointer arithmetic on an integer pointer that currently points to a valid memory location, what is the result of adding 1 to the pointer value?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int arr[3] = {10, 20, 30};
    int* ptr = arr;  // Points to arr[0]
    
    std::cout << "ptr points to: " << *ptr << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Address: " << ptr << std::endl;
    
    ptr = ptr + 1;  // Move to next int
    std::cout << "After +1, points to: " << *ptr << std::endl;
    std::cout << "New address: " << ptr << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Adding 1 advances the pointer by sizeof(int) bytes, moving it to the next integer element while maintaining proper type alignment
B
Adding 1 moves the pointer by exactly 1 byte regardless of data type
C
Pointer arithmetic is not allowed and will cause compilation errors
D
Adding 1 wraps the pointer back to the beginning of memory
5

Question 5

What is the fundamental difference between a pointer to an array and a pointer to the first element of an array, and how does this affect pointer arithmetic operations?

A
Both are functionally identical in C++, as array names decay to pointers, but the semantic difference affects how sizeof and array indexing work with the pointer
B
Pointers to arrays can only point to complete arrays, not individual elements
C
Array pointers require different syntax for declaration and usage
D
Pointers to arrays cannot perform arithmetic operations
6

Question 6

When working with a pointer to a pointer (double pointer), what does the dereference operation **ptr accomplish in terms of memory access?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int value = 42;
    int* ptr1 = &value;     // Pointer to int
    int** ptr2 = &ptr1;     // Pointer to pointer
    
    std::cout << "Direct access: " << value << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Single deref: " << *ptr1 << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Double deref: " << **ptr2 << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Double dereference (**ptr) accesses the original data by first dereferencing to get the inner pointer, then dereferencing again to reach the final value
B
Double dereference calculates the address of the pointer itself
C
Double dereference is invalid syntax and will not compile
D
Double dereference performs pointer arithmetic on the inner pointer
7

Question 7

In a function that receives a pointer parameter which might be null, what is the most robust way to safely access the data the pointer might reference?

cpp
#include <iostream>

void safeAccess(int* ptr) {
    if(ptr != nullptr) {
        std::cout << "Value: " << *ptr << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << "Pointer is null" << std::endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    int value = 100;
    int* validPtr = &value;
    int* nullPtr = nullptr;
    
    safeAccess(validPtr);
    safeAccess(nullPtr);
    
    return 0;
}
A
Always check for nullptr before dereferencing, as attempting to access null pointers causes undefined behavior and potential program crashes
B
Dereference immediately and catch any exceptions that occur
C
The compiler automatically prevents null pointer dereference
D
Use try-catch blocks around all pointer operations
8

Question 8

When declaring a pointer to a constant integer versus a constant pointer to an integer, what is the key difference in what can be modified through each pointer type?

A
const int* ptr can be reassigned to point elsewhere but cannot modify the integer it points to, while int* const ptr cannot be reassigned but can modify the pointed-to value
B
Both declarations are functionally identical
C
const int* prevents reassignment while int* const prevents data modification
D
Pointer constness declarations have no effect on what can be modified
9

Question 9

What happens to a pointer's value when it goes out of scope, and why is this behavior important for understanding memory management?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int* createPointer() {
    int localVar = 42;
    int* ptr = &localVar;
    
    std::cout << "Inside function: " << *ptr << std::endl;
    
    return ptr;  // DANGEROUS: returning pointer to local variable
}

int main() {
    int* danglingPtr = createPointer();
    
    // At this point, localVar no longer exists!
    // *danglingPtr causes undefined behavior
    
    std::cout << "This might crash: " << *danglingPtr << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
The pointer retains its address value but the memory it points to becomes invalid, creating a dangling pointer that causes undefined behavior when dereferenced
B
Pointers automatically become null when they go out of scope
C
The pointed-to memory is automatically preserved until the pointer is deleted
D
Scope has no effect on pointer validity
10

Question 10

When using pointer arithmetic to traverse an array of structures, how does the compiler calculate the correct memory offset for pointer increment operations?

cpp
#include <iostream>

struct Point {
    int x, y;
};

int main() {
    Point points[3] = {{1,2}, {3,4}, {5,6}};
    Point* ptr = points;
    
    std::cout << "First point: (" << ptr->x << "," << ptr->y << ")" << std::endl;
    
    ptr++;  // Moves to next Point structure
    std::cout << "Second point: (" << ptr->x << "," << ptr->y << ")" << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Pointer arithmetic automatically scales by sizeof(struct), ensuring proper alignment and access to consecutive array elements
B
Pointer arithmetic always moves by 1 byte regardless of structure size
C
Structures cannot be traversed using pointer arithmetic
D
The compiler requires explicit size calculations for structure pointer arithmetic
11

Question 11

In a program that needs to pass a large structure to a function without copying, what pointer-related technique provides the most efficient parameter passing mechanism?

A
Pass by pointer allows efficient access to the original structure without copying, but requires null checks and careful lifetime management
B
Always pass structures by value for maximum safety
C
Use global variables to avoid parameter passing entirely
D
Pass by reference is the only efficient option for large structures
12

Question 12

When implementing a linked list node structure, what pointer member is essential for connecting nodes together in a sequential data structure?

cpp
#include <iostream>

struct Node {
    int data;
    Node* next;  // Pointer to next node
    
    Node(int value) : data(value), next(nullptr) {}
};

int main() {
    Node* head = new Node(1);
    head->next = new Node(2);
    head->next->next = new Node(3);
    
    // Traverse the list
    Node* current = head;
    while(current != nullptr) {
        std::cout << current->data << " -> ";
        current = current->next;
    }
    std::cout << "nullptr" << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
A next pointer member connects each node to the subsequent node, enabling traversal and forming the linked structure of the data
B
Each node needs multiple pointers to all other nodes
C
Linked lists don't require any pointer members
D
Nodes should use array indices instead of pointers
13

Question 13

What is the critical safety consideration when performing pointer arithmetic across array boundaries, and how can this be prevented?

A
Pointer arithmetic can create out-of-bounds pointers that cause undefined behavior when dereferenced, requiring explicit bounds checking before arithmetic operations
B
Pointer arithmetic automatically prevents out-of-bounds access
C
The compiler catches all out-of-bounds pointer arithmetic at compile time
D
Pointer arithmetic cannot go out of bounds by design
14

Question 14

When working with function pointers that need to store different function signatures, what type of pointer declaration provides the most flexible function pointer storage mechanism?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
int multiply(int a, int b) { return a * b; }

int main() {
    // Function pointer declaration
    int (*operation)(int, int);
    
    operation = add;
    std::cout << "Add: " << operation(5, 3) << std::endl;
    
    operation = multiply;
    std::cout << "Multiply: " << operation(5, 3) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Function pointers with specific signatures like int (*)(int, int) can store and invoke functions with matching parameter and return types
B
Generic void* pointers can store any function pointer
C
Function pointers cannot be reassigned to different functions
D
All function pointers have the same type regardless of signature
15

Question 15

In a multi-dimensional array access pattern, what is the relationship between array indexing and equivalent pointer arithmetic operations?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int matrix[2][3] = {{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}};
    
    // Array indexing
    std::cout << "matrix[1][2] = " << matrix[1][2] << std::endl;
    
    // Equivalent pointer arithmetic
    int* ptr = &matrix[0][0];
    std::cout << "*(ptr + 1*3 + 2) = " << *(ptr + 1*3 + 2) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Array indexing arr[i][j] is equivalent to pointer arithmetic *(arr + i*columns + j), revealing how multi-dimensional arrays are stored linearly in memory
B
Multi-dimensional arrays cannot be accessed using pointer arithmetic
C
Array indexing is always more efficient than pointer arithmetic
D
Pointer arithmetic for arrays requires different syntax than indexing
16

Question 16

When implementing a pointer-based stack data structure, what pointer operation is most critical for maintaining proper memory management during push and pop operations?

A
Proper pointer reassignment during push/pop operations ensures the stack pointer always points to the current top element while maintaining the linked structure
B
Stack operations don't require any pointer management
C
All stack elements need individual pointers to each other
D
Pointer arithmetic is required for stack operations
17

Question 17

What is the fundamental difference between a void pointer and a typed pointer, and when would void pointers be preferable in a design?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int value = 42;
    void* voidPtr = &value;  // Can point to any type
    int* intPtr = &value;    // Type-specific pointer
    
    // Must cast void pointer before dereferencing
    std::cout << "Via void*: " << *(static_cast<int*>(voidPtr)) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Via int*: " << *intPtr << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Void pointers can point to any data type but require explicit casting for dereferencing, making them useful for generic programming and type-erased interfaces
B
Void pointers provide automatic type conversion
C
Typed pointers are less safe than void pointers
D
Void pointers cannot be dereferenced directly
18

Question 18

In a program that needs to track memory allocation patterns, what pointer-related information is most valuable for debugging memory corruption issues?

A
Pointer addresses and the memory ranges they should validly access help identify when pointers have been corrupted or are pointing to invalid memory regions
B
Only the data values pointed to by pointers are relevant for debugging
C
Pointer types are the most important information for memory debugging
D
Memory debugging doesn't require pointer information
19

Question 19

When implementing a pointer-based binary tree structure, what pointer configuration is essential for representing the hierarchical parent-child relationships?

cpp
#include <iostream>

struct TreeNode {
    int data;
    TreeNode* left;
    TreeNode* right;
    
    TreeNode(int value) : data(value), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
};

int main() {
    TreeNode* root = new TreeNode(1);
    root->left = new TreeNode(2);
    root->right = new TreeNode(3);
    
    std::cout << "Root: " << root->data << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Left: " << root->left->data << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Right: " << root->right->data << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Each node requires left and right pointers to represent the binary tree structure, enabling traversal and hierarchical data organization
B
Binary trees only need a single pointer per node
C
Tree nodes don't require any pointers
D
Pointers to parent nodes are more important than child pointers
20

Question 20

What is the most significant performance consideration when choosing between pointer-based and array-based data access patterns?

A
Pointer access can be slower due to lack of compiler optimizations and potential aliasing issues, while array indexing often enables better optimization opportunities
B
Pointers are always faster than array indexing
C
Array access is always slower than pointer access
D
Performance differences are negligible in modern compilers
21

Question 21

When designing a function that modifies data through a pointer parameter, what const placement provides the most appropriate level of access control?

A
void modifyData(int* const ptr) prevents pointer reassignment while allowing data modification, or void modifyData(const int* ptr) prevents data modification while allowing pointer reassignment
B
All const placements on pointers have identical effects
C
const should never be used with pointer parameters
D
Pointer constness has no effect on function behavior
22

Question 22

In a memory-constrained embedded system, what pointer-related optimization technique can significantly reduce memory overhead for storing multiple similar data structures?

A
Using pointers to shared common data instead of duplicating identical information reduces memory usage through reference sharing and eliminates data redundancy
B
Pointers always increase memory usage compared to direct storage
C
Memory optimization cannot be achieved using pointers
D
Pointers should be avoided in memory-constrained systems
23

Question 23

When implementing a pointer-based sorting algorithm like quicksort, what pointer manipulation pattern is most critical for partitioning array elements around a pivot?

cpp
#include <iostream>

void swap(int* a, int* b) {
    int temp = *a;
    *a = *b;
    *b = temp;
}

int main() {
    int arr[5] = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5};
    
    // Simple swap example
    swap(&arr[0], &arr[1]);
    
    std::cout << "After swap: " << arr[0] << ", " << arr[1] << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Pointer-based swap operations and comparisons enable efficient element rearrangement during partitioning, with pointers allowing direct memory manipulation without copying
B
Sorting algorithms cannot use pointers effectively
C
Array indexing is required for all sorting operations
D
Pointers make sorting algorithms less efficient
24

Question 24

What is the key semantic difference between passing a pointer by value versus passing a pointer by reference in function parameters?

A
Pass by value copies the pointer address, allowing the function to reassign the local copy without affecting the caller, while pass by reference allows modifying the original pointer
B
Both passing methods have identical semantics
C
Pointers cannot be passed by reference
D
Pass by reference is always preferred for pointers
25

Question 25

When implementing a custom memory allocator, what pointer arithmetic operation is most essential for calculating block sizes and alignment requirements?

A
Pointer subtraction calculates byte distances between addresses, enabling size calculations and proper alignment verification for memory block management
B
Pointer arithmetic is not useful in memory allocators
C
Memory allocators only use array indexing
D
Pointer arithmetic cannot calculate memory sizes
26

Question 26

In a program that needs to implement polymorphic behavior without inheritance, what pointer-to-function technique provides runtime function selection capability?

cpp
#include <iostream>

int strategy1(int x) { return x * 2; }
int strategy2(int x) { return x + 10; }

int main() {
    int (*algorithm)(int) = strategy1;
    
    std::cout << "Strategy 1: " << algorithm(5) << std::endl;
    
    algorithm = strategy2;
    std::cout << "Strategy 2: " << algorithm(5) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Function pointers enable runtime selection of different algorithms or strategies, providing polymorphic behavior through dynamic function dispatch
B
Polymorphism cannot be achieved without inheritance
C
Function pointers are only useful for callbacks
D
Runtime function selection requires virtual functions
27

Question 27

When debugging pointer-related memory corruption, what systematic approach provides the most effective method for isolating the root cause of invalid memory access?

A
Systematic pointer validation with bounds checking, address verification, and memory state tracking helps isolate corruption sources through controlled testing and logging
B
Memory corruption cannot be debugged systematically
C
Only specialized memory debugging tools are effective
D
Pointer debugging requires rewriting the entire program
28

Question 28

In a graphics rendering pipeline that processes vertex data, what pointer-based memory layout optimization minimizes cache misses during vertex attribute access?

A
Struct of arrays (SoA) layout with separate pointer arrays for each attribute enables linear memory access patterns that maximize cache utilization and processing throughput
B
Array of structs (AoS) is always more cache-efficient
C
Pointer layouts have no effect on cache performance
D
Cache optimization cannot be achieved with pointers
29

Question 29

When implementing a pointer-based graph data structure with adjacency lists, what pointer management strategy prevents memory leaks during graph destruction?

cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

struct GraphNode {
    int data;
    std::vector<GraphNode*> neighbors;
    
    ~GraphNode() {
        // Careful: don't delete neighbors here if shared!
        // Deletion responsibility depends on ownership semantics
    }
};

int main() {
    GraphNode* node1 = new GraphNode{1};
    GraphNode* node2 = new GraphNode{2};
    
    node1->neighbors.push_back(node2);
    node2->neighbors.push_back(node1);
    
    // Proper cleanup required
    delete node1;
    delete node2;
    
    return 0;
}
A
Clear ownership semantics and proper deletion order prevent double-deletion and ensure all dynamically allocated nodes are properly deallocated without memory leaks
B
Graph structures automatically manage memory without manual intervention
C
Memory leaks in graphs cannot be prevented
D
All graph nodes should be deleted simultaneously
30

Question 30

What is the most significant type safety improvement that typed pointers provide over raw memory addresses in low-level system programming?

A
Typed pointers enforce proper data interpretation and prevent type confusion errors, ensuring that memory is accessed according to the correct data representation and alignment requirements
B
Typed pointers are less safe than raw addresses
C
Type safety has no impact on pointer usage
D
Raw memory addresses are always preferable for type safety
31

Question 31

When implementing a pointer-based circular buffer for real-time data processing, what pointer arithmetic pattern ensures efficient wraparound behavior at buffer boundaries?

A
Modulo arithmetic with pointer calculations enables seamless wraparound by computing the correct offset within the circular buffer's fixed-size memory region
B
Circular buffers cannot use pointer arithmetic effectively
C
Wraparound requires array indexing instead of pointers
D
Pointer arithmetic always causes buffer overflows in circular structures
32

Question 32

In a multi-threaded program that shares data through pointers, what synchronization mechanism is most critical for preventing data races during pointer reassignment operations?

A
Atomic pointer operations or mutex protection ensures thread-safe pointer reassignment, preventing partial updates that could cause invalid memory access in other threads
B
Pointers cannot be safely shared between threads
C
Thread synchronization is not needed for pointer operations
D
All pointer operations are automatically thread-safe
33

Question 33

When designing a pointer-based plugin system with dynamic loading, what function pointer signature provides the most flexible interface for plugin initialization and communication?

cpp
#include <iostream>

// Plugin interface using function pointers
using PluginInitFunc = void* (*)(void* config);
using PluginProcessFunc = int (*)(void* plugin, void* data);
using PluginCleanupFunc = void (*)(void* plugin);

void* createPlugin(void* config) {
    std::cout << "Plugin initialized" << std::endl;
    return new int(42);  // Plugin instance
}

int processData(void* plugin, void* data) {
    return *(static_cast<int*>(plugin));
}

void cleanupPlugin(void* plugin) {
    delete static_cast<int*>(plugin);
    std::cout << "Plugin cleaned up" << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    PluginInitFunc init = createPlugin;
    PluginProcessFunc process = processData;
    PluginCleanupFunc cleanup = cleanupPlugin;
    
    void* plugin = init(nullptr);
    int result = process(plugin, nullptr);
    cleanup(plugin);
    
    return 0;
}
A
Void pointer parameters and return types in function pointers enable type-erased interfaces that support any plugin implementation while maintaining ABI compatibility
B
Plugin systems require strongly typed function signatures
C
Function pointers cannot be used for plugin systems
D
Void pointers make plugin interfaces less flexible
34

Question 34

What is the most critical pointer-related consideration when implementing exception-safe resource management in C++ without smart pointers?

A
Proper cleanup order in exception handling ensures all acquired resources are released even when exceptions occur, preventing resource leaks during stack unwinding
B
Exceptions automatically clean up pointer resources
C
Exception safety is not a concern with pointers
D
Pointers cannot be used safely with exceptions
35

Question 35

When implementing a pointer-based memory pool allocator, what pointer tracking mechanism is most essential for detecting and preventing double-deletion errors?

A
Allocation tracking with validity flags or reference counting prevents double deletion by marking freed blocks and validating deletion requests before actual deallocation
B
Memory pools automatically prevent double deletion
C
Double deletion cannot be prevented in custom allocators
D
Reference counting is not useful for memory pools
36

Question 36

In a program that needs to implement type-safe generic containers without templates, what pointer casting technique provides compile-time type verification?

A
Static_cast provides compile-time type checking for pointer conversions, ensuring type safety while allowing controlled type conversions between related types
B
All pointer casts are equally type-safe
C
Type safety cannot be achieved with pointer casting
D
C-style casts are the safest option
37

Question 37

When designing a pointer-based event system with callback registration, what pointer lifetime management strategy prevents use-after-free errors in callback execution?

A
Weak reference patterns or registration/deregistration tracking ensures callbacks are only executed when their target objects remain valid, preventing access to deleted objects
B
Event systems automatically prevent use-after-free errors
C
Callback systems cannot prevent use-after-free errors
D
All callbacks should be executed immediately upon registration
38

Question 38

What is the most significant performance overhead introduced by pointer indirection in deeply nested data structures, and how can it be mitigated?

A
Multiple memory accesses for each level of indirection can cause cache misses and pipeline stalls, mitigated by data structure reorganization or prefetching techniques
B
Pointer indirection has no performance impact
C
Performance overhead cannot be mitigated
D
Pointer indirection always improves performance
39

Question 39

When implementing a pointer-based state machine for protocol parsing, what pointer manipulation pattern ensures thread-safe state transitions without race conditions?

A
Atomic pointer operations or lock-protected state pointer updates ensure consistent state transitions, preventing partial updates that could leave the state machine in invalid configurations
B
State machines cannot be made thread-safe with pointers
C
Thread safety is not needed for state machines
D
All pointer operations in state machines are automatically atomic
40

Question 40

In a high-performance computing application that processes large datasets, what pointer-based memory access pattern maximizes SIMD vectorization opportunities for the compiler?

A
Contiguous memory access through pointer arithmetic enables the compiler to recognize vectorizable loops, allowing SIMD instructions to process multiple data elements simultaneously
B
Pointers prevent SIMD vectorization
C
SIMD optimization requires array indexing instead of pointers
D
Memory access patterns have no effect on vectorization

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File I/O

40

40 in-depth questions covering C++ file input/output operations, stream classes, text and binary file handling, error checking, and RAII patterns — with 16 code examples to solidify understanding.

20

Smart Pointer

40

40 in-depth questions covering C++ smart pointer types, ownership semantics, memory management, and cyclic reference avoidance — with 16 code examples to solidify understanding.

21

Move Semantics & Perfect Forwarding

40

40 in-depth questions covering C++ move semantics, rvalue references, move constructors, std::move, perfect forwarding with std::forward, and performance considerations — with 16 code examples to solidify understanding.

22

Lambda Expressions

40

40 in-depth questions covering C++ lambda expressions, capture lists, mutable lambdas, returning lambdas, storing lambdas in std::function, and lambda recursion techniques — with 16 code examples to solidify understanding.

23

Concurrency

40

40 in-depth questions covering C++ concurrency with std::thread, thread synchronization, mutex types, condition variables, and race condition avoidance — with 16 code examples to solidify understanding.

24

Async & Futures

40

40 in-depth questions covering C++ async programming with std::async, std::future, std::promise, task-based concurrency, and custom thread pool patterns — with 16 code examples to solidify understanding.

25

Memory Management Deep Dive

40

40 in-depth questions covering advanced C++ memory management with custom allocators, memory pools, RAII patterns, and cache-friendly programming — with 16 code examples to solidify understanding.

26

Advanced Templates

40

40 in-depth questions covering advanced C++ template metaprogramming with SFINAE, variadic templates, constexpr, and compile-time computation — with 16 code examples to solidify understanding.